At some point, I had added gnome-keyring (as a requirement for the protonvpn-gtk-app that I was never able to make work). Today, I removed it and I realized I lost access to almost all my passwords. They don’t show up like they don’t exist.
How can I fix this? I don’t wish to use gnome-keyering (or any other keyring app).
To put it very bluntly, then you’re out of luck. It requires the keyring to save and use passwords. Changing or removing as you did would also cause loss of the encryption key, which means you won’t be able to view or use your saved passwords.